Efectos psicológicos del confinamiento por la COVID-19 en competidores de remo / Psychological effects of confinement by COVID-19 in rowing competitors

El periodo de confinamiento por el virus de la Covid-19 no sólo ha afectado a la población general, sino también al deporte en general. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar sobre las consecuencias emocionales y adaptativas de remeros que compiten a nivel nacional e internacional. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de corte descriptivo con una muestra no probabilística, a partir de un muestreo por conveniencia, conocido como bola de nieve. En el estudio participaron ciento noventa y tres remeros que competían a nivel nacional e internacional, con una media de edad de 19.49 años. Los resultados mostraron que las remeras reaccionaron con más estados de ánimo displacenteros que los remeros. Igualmente se obtuvo que los pensamientos estresantes estaban asociados a estados de mayor ansiedad, la ira o los sentimientos depresivos, mientras que las mejores condiciones de entrenamiento y la aceptación de las reglas de confinamiento se asociaban inversamente con los estados de ánimo negativos. El análisis de regresión lineal mostró que los pensamientos estresantes, junto a los problemas de comportamiento y motivación durante el confinamiento predecían el nivel de perturbación total del estado de ánimo.(AU)

Emotional Reactions and Adaptation to COVID-19 Lockdown (or Confinement) by Spanish Competitive Athletes: Some Lesson for the Future.

The Coronavirus Covid 19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has produced terrible effects in the world economy and is shaking social and political stability around the world. The world of sport has obviously been severely affected by the pandemic, as authorities progressively canceled all level of competitions, including the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. In Spain, the initial government-lockdown closed the Sports High-performance Centers, and many other sports facilities. In order to support athlete's health and performance at crises like these, an online questionnaire named RECOVID-19, was designed to assess how athletes were living their lives during such periods of home confinement. The main purpose of the questionnaire was to assess the impact of prolongued confinement on athlete's psychological, emotional, and behavioral performance. One thousand, two hundred forty-eight athletes participated in the survey. They had the fllowing characteristics: (Mean age = 22.31 ± 11.49, Female: 53%), who compete at National (N: 1017, Mean age = 21.58 ± 11.42, Female: 52%) and International level (N: 231, Mean age = 25.56 ± 11.22, Female: 57%). Results showed that during the confinement period, those athletes who lacked motivation reported a higher level of stressful thoughts, more behavioral problems, and greater emotional upheaval (anger, fatigue, tension, and depression). However, those athletes who accepted confinement measures as necessary, and were in favor of respecting the rules of social isolation, fostered positive emotional states such as feelings of friendship. In addition, the availability of some sport equipment together with the ability to continue some training, were (1) protective factors against emotional stress, lack of motivation and behavioral problems; and (2) they were associated with greater respect for, and adherence to, confinement rules. Gender differences, tested by multigroup analysis, revealed that coping activities were more often associated to negative emotional states among women, whereas the ongoing availability of training information and future conditions were equally protective factors for both genders. This study also showed that receiving coaching, support and completing frequent training routines seem to be valuable tools to prevent or reduce some of the harmful effects of isolation on athlete's emotional well-being. The conclusions derived from this research would possibly help sport authorities to design supporting policies and plans to support athletes and trainers in future disruptive health crises.

Mental Health Status, Life Satisfaction, and Mood State of Elite Athletes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Follow-Up Study in the Phases of Home Confinement, Reopening, and Semi-Lockdown Condition.

Scientific reports notified that the pandemic caused by the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised an unprecedented mental health emergency worldwide. Abrupt changes in daily routine, environmental constraints, adopted home confinement measures, and uncertainty about a date for returning to usual activities can potentially affect mental health and sports activities in athletes. Hence, we designed a cross-sectional study with a within-subjects design to investigate the impact of the pandemic on mental health, mood states, and life satisfaction of elite athletes. During the three phases of home confinement (April 14-24, n = 525), reopening (May 9-19, n = 464), and current semi-lockdown (July 20-31, n = 428), elite athletes voluntarily responded to an online survey. The self-report questionnaire was prepared to collect demographic and epidemiological variables of interest and the COVID-19-related information. All participants also completed the Profile of Mood State (POMS), General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The main result is that the training rate, mental health, life satisfaction, and positive mood have decreased during the home confinement period as compared with the reopening and semi-lockdown phases. However, the need for psychosocial services has increased during the pandemic period. The present study provides the first preliminary evidence that home confinement conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic might have negatively influenced elite athlete's mood state, mental health, and life satisfaction, as well as training rates. Monitoring the psychological parameters of elite athletes and developing strategies to improve their mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic should be on the agenda. Next studies, therefore, seem reasonable to focus on active interventions for athletes during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Competitive anxiety or Coronavirus anxiety? The psychophysiological responses of professional football players after returning to competition during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the relationship between competitive anxiety, fear/anxiety of COVID-19, and autonomic and endocrine stress responses in professional football players after returning to competition during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Ninety male professional football players (age: 26.33 ± 2.48 yr) volunteered to participate in this study, which included an official competition. Psychophysiological responses, including the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised, were collected 30 min before the competition. In addition, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and salivary cortisol (sCort) were collected at 8 a.m. and 15 min before the competition. RESULTS: The main findings, based on the Pearson correlation, showed significant positive correlations between COVID-19 anxiety and somatic competitive anxiety (p = 0.01), cognitive competitive anxiety (p = 0.01), and competition response of sCort and sAA (p = 0.01). Moreover, fear of COVID-19 was positively correlated with COVID-19 anxiety (p = 0.01). On the contrary, the awakening response of sCort and sAA was not found to be correlated with psychological parameters (all p > 0.05). The analysis also indicated that there was no significant correlation between self-confidence with other psychological and physiological variables (all p > 0.05). The regression analysis showed that cognitive anxiety was a relevant predictor for the competition response of sCort and sAA (p < 0.05). Moreover, COVID-19 anxiety was the only predictor of somatic and cognitive anxiety (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides the first preliminary evidence that COVID-19 anxiety and competitive anxiety might pose a negative impact on the athletic performance of professional football players during COVID-19 pandemic competitions. Thus, research is needed to build a strategy to reduce the psychophysiological stress related to COVID-19 and competition response.

Differentiating Endurance-and Speed-Adapted Types of Elite and World Class Milers According to Biomechanical, Pacing and Perceptual Responses during a Sprint Interval Session.

The aim was to compare pacing, biomechanical and perceptual responses between elite speed-and endurance-adapted milers during a sprint interval training session (SIT). Twenty elite and world-class middle-distance runners (male: n = 16, female: n = 4; 24.95 ± 5.18 years; 60.89 ± 7 kg) were classified as either speed- or endurance-adapted milers according to their recent performances at 800 m or longer races than 1500 m (10 subjects per group). Participants performed 10 repetitions of 100 m sprints with 2 min of active recovery between each, and performance, perceptual and biomechanical responses were collected. The difference between accumulated times of the last and the first five repetitions was higher in speed-adapted milers (ES = 1.07) displaying a more positive pacing strategy. A higher coefficient of variation (CV%) was displayed across the session by speed-adapted milers in average repetition time, contact time, and affective valence (ES ≥ 1.15). Speed-adapted milers experienced lower rates of valence after the 4th repetition excepting at the 8th repetition (ES ≥ 0.99). Speed-adapted milers may need to display a more positive pacing profile than endurance-adapted milers and, therefore, would experience lower levels of affective valence and a more rapid increase of ground contact time during a SIT.

¿El entrenamiento, un moderador de reacciones emocionales en el confinamiento por COVID-19 en deportistas de alto rendimiento? / No disponible

No disponible

V Coloquio Internacional de Psicología del Deporte Público REDDECA. El impacto del contexto social sobre la personalidad resistente en deportistas universitarios de México / V Coloquio Internacional de Psicología del Deporte Público REDDECA. The impact of the social context on resistant personality in university athletes from Mexico / V Coloquio Internacional de Psicología del Deporte Público REDDECA. O impacto do contexto social na personalidade resistente em atletas universitários do México

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron identificar los factores de contexto social que más influyen sobre la personalidad resistente (PR), y además encontrar los factores del contexto social que mejor se relacionan con el control del compromiso y desafío de la personalidad resistente. Participo un grupo de 174 deportistas universitarios de 16 diferentes deportes, que compitieron en la Universiada Nacional 2017, en Monterrey, Nuevo León (México). Los instrumentos que se utilizaron fueron dos: el cuestionario sobre Percepción de Factores relacionados con la Excelencia en el Deporte (PFED) y el cuestionario de Personalidad Resistente en Deportistas Centroamericanos y del Caribe (PRDCC). La metodología que se utilizó fue un diseño transversal, correlacional causal, de tipo no experimental. Los resultados mostraron que el factor del contexto social de mayor influencia sobre la personalidad resistente total son la naturaleza del entrenamiento (beta = 3.21; p< .01) y las características del entrenamiento (beta = 3.80; p< .01) , además de que ambas predicen los factores de control (beta = 3.83, beta = 3.81; p< .01) y compromiso (beta = 3.89, beta = 3.67; p< .01). En las correlaciones se encontró que la naturaleza del entrenamiento tiene una relación con el desafío r= .415 ** con el compromiso con un valor de r= .323 ** y el control con las características del entrenamiento con un valor de r=288 ** y la naturaleza del entrenamiento de manera global correlaciono con la PR total con un valor de r= 382 **.Por lo tanto, se concluye que el entrenador, los gestores administrativos y el equipo multidisciplinario impactan el desarrollo deportivo y promueven el compromiso y el gusto por los desafíos

The objectives of this study were to identify the social context factors that most influence the Resistant Personality (RP), and also find the social context factors that best relate to the control of the commitment and challenge of the resistant personality. The participants were 174 university athletes from 16 different sports, who competed in the 2017 National Universiade, in Monterrey, Nuevo León (Mexico). The instruments used are two: the questionnaire on the Perception of Factors related to Excellence in Sport (PFES) and the questionnaire of Resistant Personality in Central American and Caribbean athletes (RPCC). The methodology that was used was a cross-sectional, correlational, causal, non-experimental design. The results showed that the social context factor with the greatest influence on the total resistant personality is the nature of the training (beta = 3.21; p <.01) and the characteristics of the training (beta = 3.80; p <.01), in addition to that both predict the control factors (beta = 3.83, beta = 3.81; p <.01) and commitment (beta = 3.89, beta = 3.67; p <.01) In the correlations it was found that the nature of the training has a relationship with the challenge r = .415 ** with the commitment with a value of r = .323 ** and the control with the characteristics of the training with a value of r = 288 ** and the nature of the training in a global way correlated with the Total PR with a value of r = 382 **. Therefore, it is concluded that the coach, the administrative managers and the multidisciplinary team impact sports development and promote commitment and a taste for challenges

Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar os fatores do contexto social que mais influenciam a Personalidade Resistente (PR) e também encontrar os fatores do contexto social que melhor se relacionam com o controle do comprometimento e desafio da personalidade resistente. Participaram 174 atletas universitários de 16 esportes diferentes, que competiram da Universiade Nacional de 2017, em Monterrey, Nuevo León (México). Os instrumentos utilizados são dois: o questionário sobre a percepção de fatores relacionados à excelência no esporte (PFEE) e o questionário de personalidade resistente em atletas da América Central e do Caribe (PRACC). A metodologia utilizada foi o delineamento transversal, correlacional, causal e não experimental. Os resultados mostraram que o fator de contexto social com maior influência na personalidade resistente total é a natureza do treinamento (beta = 3,21; p <0,01) e as características do treinamento (beta = 3,80; p <0,01), além de que ambos preveem os fatores de controle (beta = 3,83, beta = 3,81; p <0,01) e comprometimento (beta = 3,89, beta = 3,67; p <0,01) Nas correlações, verificou-se que a natureza do treinamento tem uma relação com o desafio r = 0,415 ** com o compromisso com um valor de r = 0,332 ** e o controle com as características do treinamento com um valor de r = 288 ** e a natureza do treinamento de forma global correlacionada com a PR total com um valor de r = 382 **. Portanto, conclui-se que o treinador, os gerentes administrativos e a equipe multidisciplinar impactam o desenvolvimento do esporte e promovem o comprometimento e o gosto por desafios

Divergences in the perception of parental practices, positive behavior and problems between parents and children / Divergências na percepção de práticas parentais, comportamento positivo e problemáticas entre pais e filhos / Divergencias en la percepción de prácticas parentales, comportamiento positivo y problemáticas entre padres e hijos

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the divergences in perception of parental practices, positive behavior and problems between parents and children. The participants, parents and adolescents, collaborated voluntarily and were examined in the following dyads: 248 fathers-sons, 241fathers-daughters, 237 mothers-sons, and 241 mothers-daughters. The psychometric instruments used were the Strengths and Difficulties Scale and the Parental Practices Scale for mothers and fathers. To achieve the main objective, correlation analysis, path analysis and differences of means with related samples were performed. The results showed correlations, from moderate to low, between parental practices, problems and prosocial behavior. In addition, different predictive factors of the children's behaviors were obtained, according to the sex of the parents and the parental practices they implemented. Finally, there were divergences between reports of parental practices, prosocial behavior and problems between parents and their children. Therefore, it is concluded that parental behavior is oriented according to the sexual role of their children, which involves social desirability.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como finalidade analisar as divergências na percepção das práticas parentais, no comportamento positivo e nas problemáticas entre pais e filhos. Os participantes, pais e adolescentes, colaboraram de maneira voluntária e foram avaliados nas seguintes díades: 248 pais-filhos, 241 pais-filhas, 237 mães-filhos e 241 mães-filhas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala de Capacidades e Dificuldades e a Escala de Práticas Parentais para mães e pais. Para alcançar o objetivo principal, realizaram-se análises de correlação, análises de caminhos e diferenças de médias com amostras relacionadas. Os resultados mostraram correlações - de moderadas a baixas - entre as práticas parentais, os problemas e a conduta pró-social, além de diferentes fatores preditivos das condutas dos filhos a partir do gênero dos pais e das práticas parentais exercidas. Houve divergências entre os relatórios de práticas parentais, conduta pró-social e problemas entre os pais e seus filhos. Conclui-se que a conduta parental é orientada de acordo com o gênero dos filhos, o que implica certa desejabilidade social relacionada com seu papel como homens ou como mulheres.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como finalidad analizar las divergencias en la percepción de las prácticas parentales, el comportamiento positivo y las problemáticas entre padres e hijos. Los participantes, padres y adolescentes, colaboraron de manera voluntaria y se evaluaron en las siguientes díadas: 248 padres-hijos, 241 padres-hijas, 237 madres-hijos, y 241 madres-hijas. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Escala de Capacidades y Dificultades y la Escala de Prácticas Parentales para madres y padres. Para lograr el objetivo principal se realizaron análisis de correlación, análisis de senderos y diferencias de medias con muestras relacionadas. Los resultados mostraron correlaciones -de moderadas a bajas- entre las prácticas parentales, los problemas y la conducta prosocial, además de diferentes factores predictores de las conductas de los hijos a partir del sexo de los padres y las prácticas parentales ejercidas. Se presentaron divergencias entre los reportes de prácticas parentales, conducta prosocial y problemas entre los padres y sus hijos. Se concluye que la conducta parental se orienta según el sexo de los hijos, lo cual implica cierta deseabilidad social relacionada con su rol como hombres o como mujeres.

Impact of the internal training load over recovery-stress balance in endurance runners / Impacto de la carga de entrenamiento interna sobre el balance de estrés-recuperación en corredores de resistencia

The aim of the research was to analyze the response in the recovery-stress balance perception and the internal training load in resistance runners. 18 trained runners (age: 20.1±2.7 years, weight: 64.2±7.63kg, height, 174.32±6.2cm, VO2max: 57.54±7.34L), participate in tests of 800m (five), 1500m (four), 3000m steeplechase (one), 5000m (five), 10,000m (one) and 21km (two). Three weeks of training monitoring was performed, in which two were of moderate load and one of intense load. The daily S-RPE (Foster et al., 2001) and weekly RESTQ-Sport were applied to evaluate the perception of training load and recovery-stress balance. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was performed. A variance analysis was applied through the Friedman test, with post hoc Wilcoxon. The Spearman correlation coefficient between the RESTQ-Sport scales and the weekly S-RPE was analyzed. The results indicate that the S-RPE presented significant variations between the weeks, with week three reflecting the greater internal training load perceived. With respect to RESTQ-Sport, only the scale Disturbed Breaks (DB) shown significant differences, being this a specific scale of the sport, reflecting an increase in the perception of stress by the intensity of the training. There were no significant correlations, however, the S-RPE and the Disturbed breaks scale increased in week 3. The results coincide with other previous investigations in which the relationship between the increase in the training loads and the perception of this by the athletes (AU)

El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la respuesta sobre la percepción del balance estrés-recuperación y la carga interna del entrenamiento en corredores de resistencia. 18 corredores de resistencia entrenados (edad: 20.1±2.7 años, peso: 64.2±7.63kg, estatura, 174.32±6.2cm, VO2max: 57.54±7.34L), participantes en pruebas de 800m (cinco), 1500m (cuatro), 3000m con obstáculos (uno), 5000m (cinco), 10,000m (uno) and 21km (dos). Se monitorearon tres semanas de entrenamiento, dos se realizaron con carga moderada y una con carga intensa. Se utilizó el S-RPE (Foster et al., 2001) diariamente y el RESTQ-Sport semanalmente para evaluar la percepción de estrés-recuperación. Se examinó la normalidad a través de la prueba Shapiro-Wilk y el análisis de varianza a través del test de Friedman con post hoc de Wilcoxon. Se analizó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman entre las escalas del RESTQ-sport y el S-RPE semanal. El S-RPE tuvo diferencias significativas entre las semanas. La semana 3 presentó la mayor percepción de carga. interna del entrenamiento. El RESTQ-Sport presentó diferencias significativas en la escala de Periodos de Descanso Alterados (PDA), siendo ésta una escala específica del deporte, reflejando un incremento en la percepción de estrés debido a la intensidad del entrenamiento. No se presentaron correlaciones significativas, sin embargo, el S-RPE y la escala PDA muestran un incremento en la semana 3. Los resultados coinciden con estudios previos que señalan una relación entre el incremento de las cargas de entrenamiento y la percepción por parte de los atletas (AU)

Contexto social y personalidad resistente en el deportista de Centroamérica / Contexto social e personalidade resistente no atleta da América Central / Social context and hardiness in the Central American athlete

Los objetivos de este trabajo son la identificación de los factores del contexto social que influyen en la resistencia al estrés de los deportistas de alto nivel y a su vez determinar el factor del contexto social que perciben los atletas como de mayor influencia para la personalidad resistente. Los participantes fueron 405 deportistas seleccionados nacionales de 9 países y 23 deportes, durante los XII Juegos Deportivos Centroamericanos y del Caribe, llevado a cabo en Boca del Rio Veracruz, en México, en el 2014. El rango de edad fue de 18 a 47 años (M = 24.2, DT = 5.07). Los deportistas contestaron dos cuestionarios para evaluar la percepción de su contexto social influyente en el rendimiento deportivo y rasgos de personalidad resistente. Los resultados encontrados evidencian desde la perspectiva del deportista, a él mismo y sus habilidades y al entrenador como los factores del contexto social que influye más en la personalidad resistente, lo que demuestra que la implicación en su deporte depende en su mayoría por las propias características y rasgos de los deportistas además de las habilidades de su entrenador (AU)

The objectives of this study are to identify the factors of social context that influence resistance to stress in high-performance athletes; and to determine which social context factor athletes perceive as the most influential for hardiness. Participants were 405 athletes from 23 sports disciplines, selected from national teams of 9 countries participating in the XII Central American and Caribbean Sports Games held in Boca del Rio Veracruz, Mexico, in 2014. The age range was 18 to 47 years (M = 24.2, SD = 5.07). Athletes answered two questionnaires assessing their perception of social context factors that influence athletic performance and traits of hardiness. The results showed that, from athletes’ point of view, themselves and their skills, as well as coaches, are the factors of social context that mostly influence hardiness. This indicates that athletes’ involvement in their sport widely depends on their internal characteristics and traits, besides of their coaches’ abilities (AU)

Os objetivos deste estudo são: identificar os fatores de contexto social que influenciam a resistência ao estresse de atletas de alto nível e por sua vez determinar o fator do contexto social percebido pelos atletas como o mais influente para a personalidade resistente. Os participantes foram 405 atletas da seleção nacional de 9 países e 23 esportes durante os XII Juegos Deportivos Centroamericanos y del Caribe, realizados em Boca del Rio Veracruz, México, em 2014. A faixa etária foi de 18 a 47 anos (M = 24,02, DP = 5,07). Os atletas responderam a dois questionários para avaliar a percepção do seu contexto social influente no desempenho atlético e características de personalidade resistente. Os resultados mostram, a partir da perspectiva do próprio atleta, a ele mesmo e suas habilidades e ao treinador, como fatores de contexto social que influenciam mais na personalidade resistente, o que demonstra que a implicação no seu esporte, depende principalmente das características e traços de atletas, além das habilidades do seu treinador (AU)

Cortisol y estrés-recuperación durante un periodo competitivo en jugadores de balonmano / Cortisol e estresse-recuperação durante um período competitivo em jogadores de handebol / Cortisol and recovery-stress during a competitive period in handball players

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los niveles de cortisol en plasma y su relación con la percepción de los niveles de estrés y recuperación en jugadores de balonmano durante un periodo de entrenamiento y competición. Participaron 14 jugadores de balonmano durante una competición nacional. Se recogieron un total de seis muestras de cortisol y se hicieron cuatro aplicaciones del RESTQ-Sport. Se observó disminución significativa (p < .01) en los niveles de cortisol post-competición (162.22 ± 69.83 ng/mL) en relación a la pre-competición (243.81 ± 36.46 ng/mL). Las sub-escalas de estrés general, estrés emocional, fatiga, recuperación física, calidad de sueño y periodos de descanso alterados del RESTQ-Sport presentaron cambios significativos entre las tomas pre y post-competición. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre los niveles de cortisol y la subescala de éxito (rho = .53; p < .05) y una negativa con la de lesiones (rho = -.57; p < .05). El estudio apoya el concepto de la respuesta anticipatoria del cortisol en relación a la competición. Además, proporciona mayor evidencia de la influencia del entrenamiento y la competición sobre la percepción del estrés-recuperación, resaltando la importancia de un registro psicofisiológico y hormonal con el objetivo de alcanzar un rendimiento deportivo óptimo (AU)

The aim of the study was to analyze plasma cortisol levels and their relation with the perception of recovery-stress balance in handball players during a training and competition period. Fourteen handball players took part in the study during a major competition. Data were collected from six blood samples in order to measure cortisol, and from four applications of the RESTQ-Sport for stress-recovery balance assessment. Compared to pre-competition (243.81 ± 36.46 ng/mL), a significative decrease (p < .01) in cortisol levels was observed in post-competition (162.22 ± 69.83 ng/mL). The RESTQ-Sport subscales general stress, emotional stress, fatigue, physical recovery, sleep quality, and disturbed breaks showed significant changes between pre and post-competition. Cortisol levels were found to have positive correlation with success subscale (rho = .53; p < .05), whilst negative with fitness/injury subscale (rho = -.57; p < .05). Our findings support the idea of an anticipatory cortisol response to competition. Moreover, they provide further evidence on the influence of training over recovery-stress perception, emphasizing the importance of the psychophysiological and hormonal monitoring in order to achieve optimal athletic performance (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os níveis de cortisol plasmático e sua relação com a percepção dos níveis de estresse e recuperação em jogadores de handebol durante um treinamento e competição. Participaram 14 jogadores de handebol durante uma competição nacional. Um total de seis amostras de cortisol foram recolhidas e quatro aplicações do RESTQ-Sport foram feitas. Foi observada uma diminuição significativa (p < .01) nos níveis de cortisol pós-competição (162,22 ± 69,83 ng / mL) em relação ao pré-competição (243,81 ± 36,46 ng / mL). As sub-escalas de estresse geral, estresse emocional, fadiga, recuperação física, qualidade do sono e de repouso alterados do RESTQ-Sport mostrou mudanças significativas entre as ingestões pré e pós-competição. Se encontrou uma correlação positiva entre os níveis de cortisol e a sub-escala de sucesso (rho = 0,53; p < .05) e uma correlação negativa com lesão (rho = -.57; p < .05). O estudo apoia o conceito de resposta do cortisol antecipatória em relação à competição. Ele também fornece mais uma prova da influência do treinamento e competição na percepção de estresse-recuperação, destacando a importância de um registo psicofisiológica e hormonal a fim de alcançar o desempenho atlético ideal (AU)

Orientación de logro y compromiso deportivo: estudio transcultural entre México y España / Orientação para o ego e compromisso desportivo: estudo transcultural entre México e Espanha / Goal orientation and sport commitment: a transcultural study between Mexico and Spain

There are several reasons for a person to start and persist in sports, to explain this phenomenon one of the most used models is sport commitment that in different investigations has proven its cross-cultural validity and is related to various constructs, including achievement motivation. Within this theory of motivation, we find the goal orientation, which has been conceptualized as the mental structure through which individuals interpret and respond to goal situations, and can change the perception of contextual sports variables and influence decision of starting or staying in a sport. The objective of this study was to compare a sample of Mexican and Spanish athletes regarding the dimensions of achievement orientation and the variables of the sports commitment model. The results showed significant differences only in mastery dimension, but the models of structural equations show major differences in their distribution and in the variables that influence the commitment. Cultural differences were found in how athletes respond to goal situations and how this may affect their decision to stay or leave the sport, with Spaniards showing a better fit with the original model of sports commitment (AU)

Existen diferentes motivos para que una persona inicie y persista en la práctica deportiva, para explicar este fenómeno uno de los modelos más utilizados es el de compromiso deportivo que en diferentes investigaciones se ha comprobado su validez transcultural y se le relaciona con diversos constructos, entre ellos, la motivación de logro. Dentro de esta teoría de la motivación encontramos la orientación de logro, que se ha conceptualizado como la estructura mental mediante la cual los individuos interpretan y responden a las situaciones de meta, y puede cambiar la percepción de las variables contextuales deportivas e influir en la decisión de iniciar o permanecer en la práctica un deporte. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar una muestra de deportistas mexicanos y españoles en cuanto a las dimensiones de orientación de logro y las variables del modelo de compromiso deportivo. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas solo en la dimensión de maestría, pero los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales muestran diferencias importantes en cuanto a su distribución y en las variables que influyen en el compromiso. Se encontraron diferencias culturales en cómo los deportistas responden a situaciones de meta y en cómo esto puede afectar su decisión de permanecer o abandonar el deporte, siendo los españoles quienes muestran un mejor ajuste con el modelo original de compromiso deportivo (AU)

Existem diferentes razões para uma pessoa para iniciar e persistir no esporte, para explicar esse fenômeno um dos modelos mais utilizados é o compromisso desportivo mesmo que em várias pesquisas provou sua validade transcultural e está associado com diversos construtos, incluindo a orientação para ego. Dentro desta teoria da motivação encontramos a orientação para ego, que tem sido conceituada como a estrutura mental através do qual os indivíduos interpretar e responder a situações de resultado (ego), e pode mudar a percepção das variáveis contextuais desportivas e influenciar a decisão para iniciar ou ficar em prática um esporte. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar uma amostra de atletas mexicanos e espanhóis en termos das dimensões de orientação para ego e as variáveis do modelo de compromisso esportivo. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas apenas na dimensão do domínio, mas modelos de equações estruturais mostram diferenças enquento a distribuição e nas variáveis que influenciam o compromisso. Se encontraram diferenças culturais na forma como os atletas respondem a situações de ego e como isso pode afetar sua decisão de ficar ou deixar o esporte, são os espanhóis que mostram um melhor ajuste com o modelo original de compromisso desportivo (AU)

Modelo predictor de las motivaciones para correr: análisis con corredores de ruta españoles vs. mexicanos / Predictor Model for Running Motivations: Analysis of Spanish vs. Mexican Route Runners

En la práctica de ejercicio físico, estudiar las motivaciones implicadas en que un sujeto desarrolle tal actividad, se ha convertido en uno de los temas fundamentales de la psicología del deporte y el ejercicio. Se pretendía conocer qué relaciones predictivas presentaban el compromiso a correr, la ansiedad competitiva y la percepción de éxito en las carreras en ruta sobre los motivos para realizarlas. Participaron 1.795 corredores de fondo en ruta (1.105 españoles, 690 mexicanos). De ellos el 85.65% fueron hombres con una edad de M = 38.98 (DT=10.45), y 14.35% mujeres, con una edad M=37.88 (DT=9.80). La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo mediante las adaptaciones al castellano de las Motivations of Marathoners Scales-34 (MOMS-34), la Commitment to Running Scale-11 (CR-11), el Revised Competitive State Anxiety lnventory-2 (CSAI-2R) y el Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ). Se ha obtenido que los mexicanos, frente al grupo de españoles, alcanzaron mayores puntuaciones en todas las subescalas de las MOMS-34, en la CR-11, en el POSQ y en las subescalas Autoconfianza del CSAI-2R, pero menor puntuación en ansiedad somática, no habiendo diferencias significativas en ansiedad cognitiva. Por último, los siete modelos predictivos basados en los análisis de regresión fueron muy similares cuando se compararon las dos nacionalidades agrupadas por el sexo del participante, obteniéndose unas varianzas explicativas muy altas. Pero se mostraron como modelos predicti-vos diferenciales cuando se compararon los hombres vs. las mujeres.

In physical exercise, studying the incentives involved when a subject is developing within their activity has become one of the key concerns of sport and exercise psychology. The aim was to establish the predictive effects of commitment to running, competitive anxiety and perception of success in route races upon the reasons for participating in them. 1.795 long-distance runners took part (1.105 Spanish, 690 Mexicans). Of these, 85.65% were men with an average age of M = 38.98 (DT=10.45), and 14.35% were women, with an average age of M=37.88 (DT=9.80). Data were collected via Spanish language adaptations of Motivations ofMarathonners Scales-34 (MOMS-34), the Commitment to Running Scale-11 (CR-11) the Revised Competitive State Anxiety lnventory-2 (CSAl-2R) and the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ). The results showed that compared to the Spanish group, the Mexicans scored higher in all sub-scales of the MOMS-34, the CR-11, the POSQ and in the Self-confidence sub-scales of the CSAI-2R, but lower in Physical anxiety. There were no significant differences in terms of Cognitive anxiety. Finally, the seven predictive models based on regression analyses were very similar when the two nationalities were compared in groups according to the participantssex, producing some very high explanatory variance. But the predictive models were shown to be differential when men were compared with women.

Flow y rendimiento en corredores de maratón / Flow and performance in Marathon runners / Flow e desempenho na maratona

Flow is an intensely positive and pleasant subjective state that has been linked to superior performance compared to ordinal performance, due to its dimensions and features (e.g., a balance between perceived task challenges and one’s own skills for the required action, clear goals, full concentration, elevated perceived control on performance, etc.). Research has shown that it occurs in different contexts and activities, including sports. In a two-fold aim, we sought to explore whether marathon runners with different levels of expertise experienced flow states, and the characteristics of this phenomenon in this athletic population; as well as to find out whether flow experiences were different in three sport conditions: practice sessions and competitions in general, the best race remembered by the athlete, and their last race. We further explored the possible relationship between flow states and the expected and achieved times in the last and the best races. A total of 170 males who were marathon runners participating in the Seville Marathon 2010 voluntarily collaborated in this study. Participants completed the Brief Flow Scale (EBF, Godoy-Izquierdo, Vélez, Rodríguez y Ramírez, 2009) before and after the marathon race. Participants reported experiencing flow states in the three athletic activities explored, but interindividual differences were found regarding the frequency and depth of such experiences. There were also differences between the runners regarding the dimensions of the phenomenon. Participants reported experiencing deeper, more intense and frequent episodes of flow in their best and last marathons in comparison to practice sessions and races in general. In addition, runners reporting deeper or more frequent flow episodes also expected and achieved better times. Concluding, flow is frequently experienced by marathon runners, particularly in their best performances, even when marathon running is a highly demanding sport modality. Establishing personal and contextual conditions leading to flow states will help us in designing psychological interventions aimed at increasing athletes’ skills to achieve intense states of flow, which in turn might improve their performance and success

El flow es un estado subjetivo intensamente positivo y placentero que, por sus dimensiones y características (e.g., equilibrio entre las demandas percibidas de la tarea y las habilidades personales para la acción requerida, objetivos claros, máxima concentración, elevado control percibido sobre la ejecución, etc.), se asocia a un rendimiento superior en comparación con las actuaciones normales. La literatura señala que se puede experimentar en diferentes contextos y actividades, incluido el deporte. El objetivo de este estudio fue doble: Por un lado, quisimos comprobar si maratonianos de distinto nivel de rendimiento experimentan flow y las características de este fenómeno en este colectivo de deportistas, así como conocer si las experiencias de flow eran diferentes en tres situaciones deportivas: Entrenamientos y carreras en general, la mejor carrera recordada y la última carrera; por otro lado, quisimos explorar la posible relación entre las experiencias de flow y las marcas esperadas y conseguidas por los corredores en las carreras mejor y última. Colaboraron voluntariamente en este estudio 170 maratonianos que corrieron el Maratón de Sevilla 2010, los cuales completaron la Escala Breve de Flow (Godoy-Izquierdo, Vélez, Rodríguez y Ramírez, 2009) antes y después de participar en dicha carrera. Los participantes refirieron experimentar estados de flow en las tres situaciones deportivas exploradas, aunque se encontraron diferencias interindividuales respecto a la frecuencia y profundidad de este estado, así como en la experimentación de las distintas dimensiones del fenómeno. Los participantes informaron experimentar episodios de flow más profundos, intensos y frecuentes en la mejor competición recordada y en el último maratón en comparación con los entrenamientos y las carreras en general. Además, los corredores con más experiencias de flow esperaron y obtuvieron mejores marcas. Como conclusión, el flow es un estado experimentado con frecuencia, particularmente en las mejores carreras, por atletas de una especialidad tan exigente como el maratón. Saber qué condiciones personales y contextuales llevan al flow ayudaría a diseñar intervenciones psicológicas destinadas al incremento de las habilidades que permiten a los atletas alcanzar estados intensos de flow, lo que a su vez podría mejorar su ejecución y resultados

O flow é um estado subjetivo intensamente positivo e agradável, que, devido às suas dimensões e características (por exemplo, equilíbrioentre as demandas percebidas de as tarefas e as competências pessoais necessárias para a ação, objetivos claros, máxima concentração, elevada percepçãode controle sobre a execução, etc.), tem sido associado com um desempenho superior em comparação com o desempenho normal. A literatura mostraque pode ser experimentado em diferentes contextos e atividades, incluindo esportes. O objetivo deste estudo foi duplo: Por um lado, queríamos ver semaratonistas com diferentes níveis de desempenho experimentam diferentes níveis de flow e as características desse fenômeno neste grupo de atletas,bem como saber se as experiências de flow foram diferentes em três situações desportivas: Os treinos e competições em geral, a melhor corrida lembradapelo atleta, e sua última corrida; por outro lado, quisemos explorar a possível relação entre as experiências de flow e as marcas esperadas e obtidas porcorredores em as corridas melhor e última. Voluntariamente colaboraram neste estudo 170 maratonistas que correram a Maratona de Sevilha 2010, quemresponderam a Escala Breve de Flow (Godoy-Izquierdo, Vélez, Rodríguez e Ramírez, 2009) antes e depois de participar na corrida. Os participantes re-lataram experimentar estados de flow nas três situações atléticas exploradas, embora diferenças interindividuais foram encontradas em relação à frequênciae profundidade de tais experiências, e também em várias dimensões do fenômeno. Os participantes relataram ter episódios de flow mais profundo,intenso e freqüente na melhor competição lembrada e na última maratona em comparação com o treinamento e corridas em geral. Além disso, os corre-dores com experiências de flow mais profundas ou mais frequentes esperaram e tem melhores marcas. Em conclusão, o flow é freqüentemente experi-mentado por atletas de uma especialidade tão exigente como maratona, principalmente em suas melhores corridas. Estabelecer as condições pessoais econtextuais que pode levar ao flow nos permite projetar intervenções psicológicas para aumentar as habilidades que ajudam os atletas a alcançar estadosintensos de flow, que por sua vez poderiam melhorar o seu desempenho e resultados

Percepción de la violencia y sintomatología depresiva en parejas mexicanas / No disponible

La depresión en México es un grave problema de salud pública debido principalmente a la incapacidad que genera y a los correlatos físicos que presenta, la prevalencia de la depresión es mayor entre las mujeres que en los hombres y el riesgo de desarrollar síntomas depresivos aumenta ante la presencia de diversos factores biológicos y sociales, entre ellos la violencia en los núcleos familiares. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar cómo se asocia la percepción de la violencia en las parejas con la sintomatología depresiva, para ello participaron 150 hombres y 192 mujeres de la ciudad de México. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres presentaron más sintomatología depresiva que los hombres, además de que ellas reportan más violencia física, violencia económica, intimidación y humillación/devaluación que los hombres. En los análisis de modelos estructurales se observó que la violencia percibida influye de manera positiva en la aparición de sintomatología depresiva

Depression in Mexico is a serious public health problem mainly due to the generate of inability and the physical correlates that presents, the prevalence of depression is higher among women compared to men and the risk of developing depressive symptoms increases with the presence of various biological and social factors, including violence within families, hence the aim of this study was to determine how the perception of violence in couples is associated with depressive symptoms, for it involved 150 men and 192 women Mexico city. The results show that women had more depressive symptoms than men, also, they reported more physical violence, economic violence, intimidation and humiliation/devaluation than men, and further structural analysis models indicate that the perceived violence has a positive influence on the onset of depressive symptoms

Intervención en psicología del deporte: un caso de remo de alta competición / Psychological intervention in sport: a case of top-level competition rowing

Este trabajo presenta una intervención de caso único, en una remera de nivel internacional, que, debido a un déficit atencional, produce un error técnico que conlleva pérdidas de rendimiento dado que no alinea adecuadamente el barco en los entrenamientos y la competición. El objetivo de la intervención en un deporte del que hay poca literatura en castellano y sólo algunos trabajos en inglés, es corregir dicho error, basándose en estrategias atencionales que pueden usarse en remo. La intervención se hizo mediante el uso de un artilugio para redireccionar su atención. Desde el punto de vista teórico, y en vista de los resultados de la intervención, ésta se muestra muy útil, ya que aporta una clara solución al problema y supone una mejora para la correcta ejecución. Si bien el diseño A-B pueda ser débil desde el punto de vista metodológico, justificamos su uso por cuanto entendimos que, como así ocurrió, serviría para lograr la implicación de la deportista y la corrección del gesto inadecuado que era el objetivo de la intervención (AU)

This paper describes the implementation of a sole intervention with a female international rower. Due to an attention deficit, this rower commits a technical error which leads to reduced performance, caused by an incorrect alignment of the boat in both training and competition situations. The aim of this procedure, on which little has been written in Spanish and only a few articles have come out in English, is to correct this error by using concentration strategies that can be applied to rowers. The procedure is implemented by using a device to redirect the rower’s concentration. From a theoretical point of view, and in the light of the results of the intervention implemented, this proves very useful since it provides a very clear solution to the problem and improves performance level. Although the A-B design might be considered weak from the methodological point of view, it can be justified insofar as it involves both the athlete as well as the correction of the error, which is the objective of implementing the procedure (AU)

Intervención psicológica en los juegos Centroamericanos y del Caribe - Mayagüez 2010 / Psychological intervention in the 2010 Mayagüez Central-American and Caribbean Games

Este trabajo presenta un modelo de intervención en un gran evento deportivo, donde normalmente no es fácil que trabajen un número importante de psicólogos bajo una misma idea de intervención. Se explica la importancia de los Juegos para el país organizador, Puerto Rico, la periodización de dicha intervención, la formación académica de los psicólogos que intervinieron el proyecto, así como las diferentes fases de la misma. Se presenta igualmente la forma de intervención directa e indirecta y algunas experiencias de campo para hacer más valiosa la misma. En este proyecto se usaron técnicas basadas en psicoterapia breve para abordar casos individuales, trabajo grupal en diferentes equipos como el de balonmano femenino o como en el caso de remo se trabajó para tratar de minimizar el efecto Ringelman. La visión multidisciplinar con la que se diseñó el programa pone de manifiesto la importancia de incluir a la diversidad de agentes que participan en el hecho deportivo y que va más allá del trabajo individual con el deportista (AU)

This paper presents an intervention model for major sports events, during which it is normally not easy for significant numbers of psychologists to work with similar intervention strategies. The importance of these Games to Puerto Rico -the event organizer- periodization of the event, academic formation of the psychologists intervening in the project as well as the different phases in it are explained. Direct and indirect interventions are presented along with field experiences to increase their relevance. The multidisciplinary scope of the programme shows the importance of including a variety of agents in the event, which goes beyond individual work with athletes (AU)

La atención psicológica al deportista en el Centro Andaluz de Medicina del Deporte / The psychological attention to the sportsman in the Andalusian Center of Medicine of the Sport

El presente trabajo revisa el tipo de asistencia que se da a los deportistas en el Centro Andaluz de Medicina del Deporte de Sevilla (CAMD). Se ofrece una visión del contexto en el que se realiza dicha asistencia psicológica, en un centro donde trabajan especialistas en medicina del deporte de diferentes especialidades. se presenta el modelo de intervención directo e indirecto, así como la carazterísticas de los diferentes usuarios por deporte, por sexo y tipo de demanda, enfatizando la importancia que tiene en el CAMD la investigación y publicación de trabajos científicos y las intervenciones en el ámbito de salud y la Actividad Física. Se hace alusión a las diferentes técnicas y estrategias psicológicas que se usan, entre las que destaca la intervención en algunos casos desde la persprctiva de la psicoterapia a corto plazo o de tiempo limitado, algo novedoso en el ámbito de la Psicología del Deporte(AU)

The present work checks the type of assistance that is given to the sportsmen in the Andalusian Center of Medicine of the Sport of Seville (CAMD). There offers a vision of the context in which the above mentioned psychological assistance is realized, in a center where specialists are employed at medicine of the sport of different specialities. There appears the direct and indirect model of intervention, as well as the carazterísticas of the different users for sport, for sex and type of demand, emphasizing the importance that has in the CAMD the investigation and publication of scientific works and the interventions in the area of health and the Physical Activity. Allusion is done to the different technologies and psychological strategies that are used, between that the intervention stands out in some cases from the persprctiva of the short-term psychotherapy or of limited time, something new in the area of the Psychology of the Sport (AU)

Personalidad resistente en maratonianos: un estudio sobre el control, compromiso y desafío de corredoras y corredores de maratón / Hardy personality in marathon runners: a study of male and female runners´ control, commitment and challenges

La Personalidad Resistente se refiere a una constelación de características de personalidad relacionadas con laspercepciones personales de control, compromiso y desafío, que ha sido ampliamente estudiada en relación con el estrés y suimpacto en contextos de salud y laborales, entre otros, pero prácticamente ignorada en el ámbito deportivo. Sin embargo,las características que incluye este constructo son muy interesantes para la práctica y el rendimiento deportivos. El objetivode este estudio ha sido conocer las características de Personalidad Resistente de maratonianos adultos españoles. Losresultados, pioneros hasta la fecha, nos han permitido establecer que los niveles de compromiso, control y desafío de estosdeportistas son moderadamente altos y que ejercen un impacto fundamental tanto a nivel motivacional (metas propuestas yresultados esperados) como de rendimiento (marcas obtenidas). Se puede diferenciar entre maratonianos con mejores ypeores marcas en relación con el nivel de PR, lo cual nos permite predecir el éxito de los maratonianos en función de suscaracterísticas de PR. Como consecuencia, un entrenamiento adecuado en estas características podría resultar en mejorescotas de rendimiento. Además, estos deportistas muestran mayores niveles de Personalidad Resistente que jóvenes y adultosde la población general, lo que podría ser un beneficio derivado de la práctica deportiva muy relevante en la vida cotidiana (AU)

The hardy personality refers to a constellation of personality characteristics related to personal perceptions ofcontrol, commitment and challenges. This construct has been widely studied in relation to stress and its impact on healthand work settings amongst others, but almost ignored in sport contexts. Nonetheless, the characteristics included in thisconstruct are of great interest to playing sports and performance. The main aim of this study is to establish the hardy personality characteristics of a group of adult, Spanish marathon runners. The results obtained, unprecedented until now,have allowed us to establish that the levels of these athletes' perceptions of commitment, control and challenges aremoderately high and that they have a notable impact on aspects of both motivation (established goals and expectedoutcomes) and performance (records achieved). Therefore, adequate training in these characteristics would lead to betterperformance levels. Furthermore, these athletes show higher levels of hardy personality than young and adult individualsfrom the general population, which may be a very relevant benefit of playing sport in everyday life (AU)